Social Question

ETpro's avatar

Has any valid research on the effects of prayer been done?

Asked by ETpro (34605points) November 12th, 2010

To be valid, I would expect research to zero out the possibility of a placebo effect. In other words, when different faiths that pray to different gods are compared, does one religion’s prayer modify the outcomes of pure cause and effect more than others? If you know of any such study, what did it find? Can you provide a citation to the work?

If it has never been done, why not? Isn’t this something that mankind ought to know?

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52 Answers

cockswain's avatar

Holy crap, @ETpro, I was thinking of asking a nearly identical question an hour ago! Wow. Anyways, since you asked and I’m interested, I just found this NY Times article about a study done (not the actual study). Anyways, it appears there is no use to prayer from the study, which fits the atheist theory.

I was also wondering if the power of prayer is useful to the one afflicted, and how that works. You hear about people fighting back cancer through hope and faith, and I’m curious what that is all about as well.

CaptainHarley's avatar

Do a Google search for “experimental proof of the effects of prayer.” You’ll find about 300,000 results. Here is one of the few I have taken a look at. I leave it up to you to decide whether the findings are valid or not.

http://www.actheals.org/Publications/Full%20Reports/Clinical%20Inputs/08ClinicalReview.pdf

AmWiser's avatar

There have been several studies on the subject. This is a very interesting article.

cockswain's avatar

Great, so now we have conflicting reports. So which is right?

iamthemob's avatar

Conflicting reports, well I guess…oh…

…we’re halfway there.

oh, oh…

…living on a prayer.

cockswain's avatar

I’m praying you don’t quote Bon Jovi ever again.

CaptainHarley's avatar

OMG! ROFLMFAO!

iamthemob's avatar

Your prayers fall on “death” ears, cause I’ve been

SHOT THROUGH THE HEART…AND YOU’RE TO BLAME…

CaptainHarley's avatar

Oh, GROAN! Y’all stop it before this old man has an acute myocardial infarction! LOL!

KhiaKarma's avatar

Is Christianity evidence based? HAHA! love it! But ya gotta have faith fa faith fa faith a….oh wait that’s George Michael….doh!

cockswain's avatar

I bet @ETpro is gritting his teeth and wishing he’d posted in the general section

CaptainHarley's avatar

ETpro? Hell, I’M gritting my teeth! LOL!

KhiaKarma's avatar

I was serious, except for the George Michael thing, couldn’t resist Isn’t the power of prayer based on faith? You have faith that you are doing something constructive to make things better (to whatever god)....it would be interesting though to see, if you could ever trust the data.

CaptainHarley's avatar

I have faith in my data! : D

cockswain's avatar

@KhiaKarma So that makes me ponder a couple things. If one has “faith” in a higher power, does that produce a beneficial state of mind that assists the body through the healing process? Just as stress takes a negative toll on the body, does faith produce a mental well-being that bolsters the immune system? In that regard, I could see a faithful patient who knows he is being prayed for, feeling strength and greater confidence in his chance to survive, thinking the Lord is helping.

Now regarding the concept of praying to assist someone else, I think that works if it turns out all our consciousness is connected. When one observes ants acting as one collective mind, one could make the logical leap that they are part of a collective unconscious, as I believe Jung hypothesized. Or maybe the ants are just responding to pheromone stimulus. If the collective unconscious exists and connects us all, then one could buy into the notion that many people fervently wishing benefit to another could on some meta- or quantum-physical level have an effect.

But that is just another way of rephrasing the exact same question @ETpro asked.

CaptainHarley's avatar

It is my contention ( I don’t know if I believe this yet ) that prayer functions at a quantum level, which would explain the apparent instantaneousness of some prayers.

crisw's avatar

Every truly valid study that I am aware of (double-blind, randomized, controlled, etc.) has shown prayer to have either no effect- or a negative one.

@CaptainHarley – Your link doesn’t seem to work. Considering its source, I am not sure that it will be an unbiased review.

@AmWiser
That’s synopses of studies; again, from a biased viewpoint, that doesn’t take into account the validity of the studies (or lack thereof).

crisw's avatar

@CaptainHarley

“It is my contention ( I don’t know if I believe this yet ) that prayer functions at a quantum level, which would explain the apparent instantaneousness of some prayers.”

See the Appeal to Quantum Physics.

llewis's avatar

@crisw – I pasted CaptainHarley’s link in and got a PDF.

And Dr. Larry Dossey has written several books on prayer and different studies he’s done. I’m not sure there is an unbiased study or source. Pretty much everyone is going to be looking through some sort of “filter” at a subject like this, and exclude or include various factors that will cause people with other filters to say the study was invalid.

crisw's avatar

@llewis

“Pretty much everyone is going to be looking through some sort of “filter” at a subject like this”

That’s why you look at the standard signs of a valid research project:

- Was the study double-blinded? That is, did neither the researchers nor the subjects know who received the prayer treatment?
– Was there a control group?
– Was the sample size statistically adequate?
– Was the rate of any observed effects statistically significant?
– Were participants randomized into study and control groups?

And so on.

I did manage to download @CaptainHarley ‘s PDF- let’s see how well it meets these criteria.

Pandora's avatar

I believe the power of prayer has a comforting feeling that will help lower stress during a time of stress (illness) and so it can help you recover faster and maybe even better. Especially if you are very fearful during your illness.
Pretty much the way a sick child can be conforted by the presence of his mother or father. Just knowing, they are in the room eases their breathing. I remember when my daughter was in the hospital. Even when she was resting, if I left the room her heart rate would increase and her breathing become difficult. As soon as I returned it would all go back to normal.
Needless to say I only left to shower, eat and change my clothes and go to the bathroom.
Only as we get older we understand the limitations of another human being to help us get better.
So believing in a God that can help us recover can help lower our stress and speed up our recovery.
I have no proof but at the very least believing that you will be well works a lot better than loosing hope in this situation.
It will always come down to this. Either you believe you will get well or you believe you will not get well and simply die because you gave up the fight to live.

Joybird's avatar

I have a book here on the effects that ritual including prayer have on Tibetan monks. From this reseach you should be able to find more links. The book is:
“The Mystical Mind:Probing the Biology of Religious Experience” by Eugene d’Aquili and Andrew B. Newberg.

There are other studies but I haven’t a biblio handy. sorry.

cockswain's avatar

@Pandora I said something very similar above. Check it out.

llewis's avatar

@crisw – But there are some limiting factors that are either discarded or not, and some judgments made in terms of how the data is interpreted, – especially with something like this, where there are so many subjective aspects involved. The sample would have to be huge, and preferably many different places used (not just one hospital), etc. Not sure anything has been done like that.

ETpro's avatar

Thanks to all who contributed. @cockswain Were you praying about whether to post the question? :-) The link you provided does appear to lead to a well conducted and controlled study, with 1800 subjects studied over a period of 10 years. I’m much more inclined to believe its results than those of “researchers” who obviously made no attempt to apply the scientific method, but seemed more intent on finding a desired result and crafted an experiment likely to give them the result they wanted.

@crisw The link @CaptainHarley posted to the PDF only worked for me when I copied it to the clipboard and pasted in into Google Chrome. For some reason clicking it from here brought up a message that the PDF file was corrupt. The study does not appear to be valid science. It indicated no effort at souble blind methods or elimination of placebo affects. It appears its list of references follow the same level of “science” as it does.

Some claim that since prayer is strictly a matter of faith, it is outside the ability of science to test whether it works or does not. That argument seems flawed to me. If prayer does work, then it should influence and modify what would normally be expected by human activity without prayer. I don’t question that prayer can make a believer feel more likely to recover, and that such psychological influence might have an effect on the immune system. But the question is does faith in Brahmin or Yoga practice or Scientology work just as well, or is one religious practice head and shoulders above all others.

poisonedantidote's avatar

There have been quite a few studies done, but i cant find them for the life of me at the moment. It turns out it can help with some things, based on the placebo effect, but if you pray to no die, your chances are still the same.

llewis's avatar

And there is the question, too, about the cases when the answer to the prayer is “no”. We are applying our standards to what the “results” of our prayers should be. We tend to think that the only time healing occurs is when we recover from an illness or injury to the state we were in before it. Just because we don’t get the answer we want doesn’t mean the prayer hasn’t been mercifully answered.

ETpro's avatar

@llewis No, I am not asking for studies applying our standards. I am asking for studies applying scientific standards. We can determine the probability of a particular thing happening or not happening when no intervention is applied to its natural course. We can also determine whether that probability can be affected in any way beyond what might be explained by the placebo effect if prayer is applied to try to change it. So it is really quite a straightforward analysis. To give a simplistic example, a well made die, if tossed ten thousand time, should come up 1 through 6 a roughly equal number of times. The more times you role the die, the closer to perfect equality the results would come. If a huge team prayed for only sixes to come up, would the die respond?

I suppose it’s possible God wants us to pray, but not to have any idea whether prayer works or not, so God deliberately refuses to intervene in natural cause and effect whenever anyone is keeping accounts of such intervention.

Joybird's avatar

Try googling studies on water changes and prayer. I know there were controlled studies done using those tools. Also try Reiki and it’s effects. There should be some studies under psi phenomenon and psychology. I used to have a reference binder of alot of them but someone “borrowed” it.

CaptainHarley's avatar

@llewis

Dr. Dossey is a friend of mine. He and I were in the same battalion during Vietnam. I have considerable respect for his research in this area.

cockswain's avatar

_ I suppose it’s possible God wants us to pray, but not to have any idea whether prayer works or not, so God deliberately refuses to intervene in natural cause and effect whenever anyone is keeping accounts of such intervention._

Reminds me of the hypothesis that God created Earth with a false history to give it the appearance of looking older than it is. And we thought we were on to something when we discovered radiometric dating methods! Silly.

iamthemob's avatar

@cockswain – reminds me of Ken Miller’s statement, which I’ll paraphrase – I believe in a God…I just don’t believe in a deceptive God.

llewis's avatar

@ETpro- I don’t think you’re understanding what I’m saying. It looks to me like you are treating prayer like it’s a cause and effect type of thing, when it is probably closer to a behavioral thing. It’s not like you apply heat to water and cause the water to boil. It’s more like, “Can I cross the street now, Daddy?” Sometimes yes is a good answer and sometimes no is a good answer. If all you are looking at is the question and the answer you will simply get statistics without understanding. I don’t believe corporeal humans are capable of seeing the additional factors (large street or small? traffic? stop light?) that may be involved in getting to that yes or no. The plain statistics are rather meaningless.

cockswain's avatar

@llewis Are you suggesting that testing the effects of prayer could not be subjected to the scientific method? That we couldn’t conceive of an appropriate experimental design?

llewis's avatar

@cockswain Yes! Thank you, that’s exactly what I am saying. You put it much more succinctly! ;) There are factors affecting the results that we are not and cannot be aware of.

At first I thought it would just have to be a huge test, but when I thought about it some more I realized that the only thing we can really test is whether our desired result from prayer occurred, not whether prayer was actually effective.

cockswain's avatar

I think I heard Betrand Russell, a avowed atheist, had said when asked what he’d tell God in the afterlife if it turned out God existed, “Sir, why did you take such pains to hide yourself?”

“There are things that are true in mathematics (based on basic assumptions).
There are things that are false.
There are things that are true that can never be proved.
There are things that are false that can never be disproved.
And that is a problem, because we cannot ever tell if something is true unless we can prove it.”

I’m not sure who is credited with the above quote, but I love it. It is the same problem with what you are saying.

ETpro's avatar

@llewis We should probably agree to disagree then. I believe that if one understands the scientific method, one could easily design an experiment that would test whether prayer makes a difference in things prayed for or not. The only way it would fail is if there id a deceptive God who deliberately hides himself at every turn. Is that the behavior of a loving parent who wants the love returned by their child?

llewis's avatar

@ETpro – <big grin> WHICH shows my point that everyone is looking through a filter, so that the test procedures and test results in an experiment like this are not going to make everyone accept the test as valid.

And “no” is sometimes a loving answer (“No, Johnny, you can’t drink the sweet anti-freeze. No, Suzie, you won’t be able to fly if you jump off the roof with a cape made out of a towel.”) How are you going to tell when someone dies because prayer was not answered, or because the answer was “no”? Do you know whether it’s better for any individual to live or die? (I’m not trying to be offensive, I really am curious about your thoughts on this.) God doesn’t hide Himself, it’s just that people ignore Him a lot. Some of the worst times in my life, that I would have avoided at the time if I could have, have ended up making me stronger and happier now. There are people, past and present, who have done great things because of something terrible that they had to suffer. So how will you know?

You would have to determine what would indicate that the prayer had been effective. Without knowing what an effective result is, I don’t think you can do the study you are intending. You would only be studying whether you got a desired effect, not whether you got an effect, because you have (to my limited knowledge, anyway) no way to know what the result would be whether or not someone was prayed for. Maybe they would have gotten well without the prayer. Maybe the answer was “no”.

So what could you do to determine that? Or do you think you don’t need to determine that? I know I’m not a good reasoner – I’m not trying to argue or convince you. I’m enjoying the dialog, and I’m curious.

crisw's avatar

@llewis

There isn’t one example out there of a “healing through prayer” that cannot be explained through non-supernatural means, and there is no example of someone claiming to be healed through prayer of something that would obviously require divine intervention to be so. No one has been healed through prayer of an amputated limb, or Down’s syndrome, or Huntington’s chorea.

What is an effective result? Showing, in a controlled study, that prayer has any positive effect. Either it does or it doesn’t. And every reputable study done so far has shown that it does not.

“No” is not a” loving answer” to someone whose genetic screen shows they will die slowly and painfully in the next couple of decades from Huntington’s chorea. “No” is not a loving answer to the African child with limbs torn off by a land mine. “No” is not a loving answer to the starving Somali infant. “No” is not a loving answer to every tortured existence in this world today, suffering and dying without comfort or hope.

“No” is just a platitude, an excuse, an empty phrase that lets people go on believing what they want to be true rather than what is.

All such attempts to justify the plain and obvious fact that prayer does not work are simply the effects of cognitive dissonance; people simply do not want to accept what is so painfully and obviously true.

llewis's avatar

@crisw Well, we are definitely going to have to agree to disagree. I’d be happy to carry on a private conversation with you about this – explaining why I don’t agree with you goes way off-topic, and I suspect would be useless anyway. You appear to be blaming God for things that man has caused to be. If you would like to continue this, please message me.

crisw's avatar

@llewis

I don’t blame God for anything because God doesn’t exist and it makes no sense to blame something nonexistent for anything.

I think explaining why you disagree with me is very on topic.

llewis's avatar

@crisw Well, we will waste a lot of time. I’m a Christian, I believe the Bible. I have found that there is a lot of scientific evidence supporting the Bible that has been ignored and/or hidden by the “scientific” community, and that many “facts” that are taught today have been proven as untrue or outright hoaxes, and yet are still taught out there. In other words, I believe in Creation and the Fall of man.

So my take on this whole matter assumes a loving God who has done everything for our benefit, including die painfully in our place for things we have done. I think I will not change your mind, I know you will not change mine. I believe the cause of the evils you are citing is something you don’t even believe happened.

With that basic difference in worldview, how are we going to come to any agreement about prayer?

So, I would really like to stick to the discussion at hand. I’m really interested in @ETpro ‘s ideas on how to tell whether a prayer has actually been answered. We probably won’t agree (and that’s okay), but I’m curious. This has been a great question and discussion. I just don’t want to derail it.

Wouldn’t it be interesting to find a study we both accepted as valid?

cockswain's avatar

@llewis So if there is one thing Fluther has taught me, it’s that there are various forms of Christian approaches to science. For my edification, I’m curious where you fall in that spectrum. For example, some Christians do not accept human evolution over the last 7 million years from various hominid species, and some absolutely do. When you say you are a creationist, do you mean man was created in a garden 3000 years ago, or do you mean the universe was created billions of years ago, and God may have played a role in creating RNA in a primordial soup, then let things run their course? Or somewhere in between?

I ask because when you state you’d like to find a study you and @crisw find valid, I need to understand how reasonable your views of science are. If you don’t mind explaining, I’m happy to continue the conversation, as I suspect others might as well. I’m already a little worried that you may find any study that concludes that prayer has no effect must be flawed, and a study that finds prayer does have an effect is likely valid.

So how can we find way to actually come to an agreement? I did post a link in my first post on this page. Could you review that and tell me if you think the experimental design is reasonable or flawed?

llewis's avatar

@cockswain – You’d like to understand how “reasonable” my views of science are? That right there tells me that you will discount anything I say. I will tell you that, based on some of the reading I have done in the last three or four years, there’s a lot of “science” taught in the schools and colleges that in no way follows the scientific method or even plain logic. It took a lot to convince me that what I had been taught and what I had believed all my life was a fairy tale. I’m a hard sell.

And, as I was saying before in the discussion with @ETpro, I don’t believe we can know what would indicate that prayer has been answered. We just don’t know what the long-term results of any particular action or event might be, so we don’t know when something has happened that is really to our benefit. We can study whether our desired result has occurred, but we cannot know in any measurable way whether the prayer has been actually answered. That’s why I’m so curious about @ETpro‘s ideas on how to do that. (Wish you’d break in here, ET, and get us back on track.)

I read the article. It does not have enough information about the study methods to know whether the study was valid or not. One of the study’s co-authors, a hospital chaplain, even said he didn’t doubt the stories (not in the study) about prayer’s effectiveness, so the study didn’t convince him. And, as my dad the statistics professor would say, you can prove anything with statistics. I’m sure they put a lot of thought into it and did their best to conform to the standards they set.

Dr. Larry Dossey has done several studies and written books about them. I haven’t read the books, just articles about them, but it sounded like he found prayer to benefit healing.

I kind of think that this is probably something that can’t really be studied without bias. If the study is done by atheists, there is a predisposition to discount or find reasons for any healing that might occur (as if God, who created the natural laws, wouldn’t operate within them the vast majority of the time). If the study is done by one religious group, others would say it’s not valid because it’s not by their particular group with their particular beliefs, and so forth. If the patients believe in prayer, there’s the question of the placebo effect. If they don’t, then they probably don’t believe in God, so would God answer prayers for them? I don’t know. And what about the patient who prays for himself or herself? How do you allow for that in the study?

And it does seem a little disrespectful to me to try to quantify God. I mean, He’s God! <smile>

I usually try to stay out of religious questions, but this one was just so good. I’m sorry we lost it all. <sigh>

cockswain's avatar

You’d like to understand how “reasonable” my views of science are? That right there tells me that you will discount anything I say

Sorry, I’m not trying to be condescending although I can see how it would read that way. I tried to explain what I meant, like do you believe Noah put animals on a giant boat (meaning you don’t correctly apply the scientific method), or you have sound scientific views. I want to know because if you don’t, I’ll politely not waste either of our time discussing any “science of prayer” with you further. There’s a lot of close-minded individuals on this site, as well as some great minds ( @ETpro and @crisw are some of my favorites). Since I haven’t had much interaction with you, I’m wondering whether or not I should expend energy on this subject with you.

I definitely share your skeptical approach to information. Out of curiosity, what science were you taught in school that was junk?

Unless @ETpro tells us otherwise, I’m assuming we’re still on topic reasonably enough by discussing science and religious views, as the subject is about applying science to a religious concept.

Why do you think it is disrespectful to try to quantify God?

crisw's avatar

@llewis

“I know you will not change mine”

I always wince when I hear this phrase.

You can change my mind. Present me with real evidence, and my mind will change. I will never, ever state “Nothing will change my mind” because that would be foolish.

“So my take on this whole matter assumes a loving God”

Well, that is one huge assumption to make; one that definitely requires support. I don’t know if you are much of a podcast listener, but here is a great debate that covers that very topic.

And now back to the subject at hand.

“I don’t believe we can know what would indicate that prayer has been answered.”

I already have mentioned one very clear example that I think would go a long way to answering that question. Find any examples at all of any individual who was proven to have any malady that indubitably cannot be cured through any modern medical treatment who was subsequently cured through prayer. I’ve listed several maladies that will be applicable.

Any of the following will do:

• Any regrowth of any removed body part that does not regenerate in humans such as a limb or an eye

• Any genetic disorder, the existence of which can be validated through karyotyping or DNA analysis, such as trisomies such as Down’s syndrome or mutations such as Huntington’s chorea

llewis's avatar

AND I should have stayed out of this religious discussion, too.

I will refer you to Ken Ham (www.answersingenesis.org), and Henry Morris (www.icr.org). They have studied creation science for decades and can definitely present the science better than I can. I’m not going to turn this into a discussion of creationism. There is certainly not enough time or space to do that here, and you won’t believe me anyway. Why should I “waste my time” on you?

I think the issue I posed was valid – how can you know whether prayer has been answered?

But since you can’t seem to try to get past our differences enough to hold a discussion about the question at hand, I will be leaving now. Good night.

ETpro's avatar

@llewis This is my question, and it’s in the social section, so you have my complete permission to debate it in any way you feel amplifies the comments that each participant posts.

My belief that prayer is testable arises from this. If prayer influences cause and effect, that can be determined but the scientific method. If it does not, that too can be detected by the scientific method.

Here’s a thought experiment for you. Let’s say I journey to a remote village in the Amazon, and with modern technology, I convince the Indians there that I am God. I convince them that prayer to me will affect the otherwise predetermined outcome of their life situation. Could not science prove that prayers to me actually do nothing to change what would have happened without any prayer?

Christian apologists have gone to great lengths in recent years to study science then pervert it to prove that all science is junk and their own metaphysics is truth incarnate. I don’t doubt you have read that science is full of subterfuge and lies. I do doubt that this is true. Certainly there are examples of scientists who go astray and argue for indefensible positions. And occasionally, one wins the day for a time. But science is self correcting. Newton’s law of Gravity fell to Einstein’s observations of General Relativity and Einstein’s certainty that “God does not play dice” fell to proofs of quantum mechanics.

The basic precepts of Christianity are untestable and unfalsifiable. But prayer is not. And what I am gathering from the citations offered is that prayer does not stand up to the scientific method.

iamthemob's avatar

“No” is not a” loving answer” to someone whose genetic screen shows they will die slowly and painfully in the next couple of decades from Huntington’s chorea. “No” is not a loving answer to the African child with limbs torn off by a land mine. “No” is not a loving answer to the starving Somali infant. “No” is not a loving answer to every tortured existence in this world today, suffering and dying without comfort or hope.

This statement reveals the problem scientists have in this debate: the scientific method itself. The above are assertions, and therefore if the scientist demands that assertions be testable, verifiable, and falsifiable, the assumption is that there can be a scientifically proven absolute morality. In the thousands of years of human civilization, even though perhaps the central question of our existence has been “What is right, and what is wrong?”, this has never been proven.

We are limited by our perspective – by our experience of time as going in one direction, and by the fact that it has not ended. By the fact that experientially we are subjective, and can only interpret the experience of others through a subjective lens. By the fact that we cannot say “this would have happened had that not happened” to things such as “What if Hitler had been killed as a child?” or “What if we’d never used the bomb on Japan?” Who can say what horrors we actually avoided, or whether the world would have been better, if we could have avoided certain historical events.

Therefore, we cannot clearly say whether things which seem immediately cruel are not loving in the end to mankind. They may be cruel, indeed. Any assertion on any side is unfalsifiable, and the scientific community seems to be incapable of recognizing when it is making unfalsifiable claims.

@llewis has a profoundly reasonable approach to the argument – and it appears to have been built up as a defense to this built-in hypocrisy found in certain claims by the scientific community. Unfortunately, the reasonable approach to the argument reinforces some of the profound bias in the reasoning of the underlying questions in the argument. First, the approach to the argument that everyone has subjective bias is true. However, this does not undermine the fact that scientific attacks on creationist and biblical theories are valid attacks. Creationist theory is not a scientific theory, and it cannot get away with saying that we all have bias to ignore this problem. The underlying assumption of Creationist theory is that the bible gives a factual picture of the history of the universe because it is the word of God. Let’s accept that it is the word of God – but what if God spoke to man in metaphors because to discuss the real nature of the world was something he was not ready for? What if God inspired Genesis as the metaphor not for what happened, but what is happening…for instance, man and woman eating from the tree of knowledge and toiling from then on is something that is happening right now as we struggle for the truth that was lost when we gained sentience? What if it is written from the perspective of God – and therefore it has already happened – but the past tense isn’t appropriate for us, because it is happening – in essence, what if Genesis is in the wrong place in the Bible? Because it is impossible to say that the Bible claims anything because there are so many interpretations of it and for it, it is unfit as a document to build scientific claims of the origins of the universe.

What both sides appear to be doing is forgetting that there is no scientific way to measure matters of faith and belief, so it is a silly question for science to address. It is ridiculous for Christians to claim there is scientific proof for Creationism, and it is ridiculous for scientists to demand objective evidence of the effects of prayer. In both cases, we have the problem of subjectivity, which disallows for any objectivity – and is the issue that I think is addressed in @ETpro‘s question about social sciences. Once people are part of the factors that must be measured, and psychology of people to boot, the answers will always be messy – because unlike data, which can be misleading but not deceptive, people are by nature deceptive – both to themselves and to others.

crisw's avatar

@llewis

“I think the issue I posed was valid – how can you know whether prayer has been answered?”

I told you- twice- exactly what I think would answer that question, but you never commented on it. Again, any example where an indisputably incurable malady disappeared after prayer would be a start.

mattbrowne's avatar

Yes. But the effect is indirect. Slowing down your thoughts to focus and find your strengths can help you master difficult situations for example.

There are statistics about life expectancy by profession. Couple of years ago the one in Germany put Protestant Ministers right at the top. Of course this doesn’t prove a correlation with praying as such.

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