@wundayatta “How is that different from “the greatest good for the greatest number?”
You could argue that it isn’t. But you have to remember that protecting the welfare of individuals, rather than just the masses is good for the masses. If random people can be sacrificed willy nilly for the good of the group that undercuts the welfare of the group since members of that group live under constant threat of being thrown under the bus.
“Also, what happens when there are competing points of view about what increases well-being, such as there is now in the US government? Even on the individual level, it often seems to me that it is incredibly difficult to decide which choices are better in terms of expected impact on well-being.”
Some things are easier than others, you’ll note I mentioned the difficulty in coming to agreement about the best way to promote welfare in my original post. However I think you’re making this more complicated than it needs to be. For most situations all you have to do is apply the principles Emiy Post bases her etiquette advice on. You know, being nice to people. Sam Harris argues the scientific application of logic should resolve more difficult ethical problems.
“Which standard do you start with? What’s good for the individual or what’s good for the group?”
I’m repeating myself here, but you have to ensure the welfare of the individual for the group to have anything even remotely resembling welfare. The group is not being protected if at any given moment a member knows their welfare could be sacrificed for the group.
“If you tell me (hypothetically) that what’s good for the individual is the place to base an objective standard on, what is the significance of that for societies, such as in Japan, where people believe what’s good for the group is the proper standard to use?”
Well, the fact that some societies have systems of morality that I disagree with, in part or whole cloth does not automatically mean the one I advocate is wrong. Disagreement alone is not proof that a claim is wrong. You have to look at the various systems and figure which one creates a society where well-being is best maximized. I doubt there is any legislative system around that has perfectly enshrined the welfare of their people in their country. But it is obvious that some are doing it better than others.
According to my reasoning this would be a flaw in Japan’s cultural morality. But that doesn’t mean that the system is incapable of ever making good moral choices. It just means it is more susceptible to allowing certain types of suffering than systems that do concern themselves with the welfare of individuals.