What are the differences between top, bottom, strange, and charm quarks from the standard 'up' and 'down' quarks?

Standard disclaimer: I’m but a caveman

Yes, they have different mass, but also other properties that make them different.

It’s a deep rabbit hole, but have you checked out Wikipedia as a place to start? There’s an article on flavors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)

And a handy dandy chart showing each flavor’s properties (along with a good general article on quarks)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#Table_of_properties

The up and down quarks make up matter as we know it, protons and neutrons. The rest fill in the blanks in the standard model.

I have also always found this confusing. I did a Web search and found this article . There are six quarks and the six flavors are just a way of naming them. I don’t know why there are six or how they combine to make other particles. Maybe someone else can help with this.