What lesser known music artists do you recommend based on my list of favorites?

Probably some other 90’s lesser knowns:
SLOAN
YO LA TENGO
BUILT TO SPILL
BLUES EXPLOSION
SUPERCHUNK
GUIDED BY VOICES

A little more recent:
BLUE STATES
THE FUCKING CHAMPS
GHOST
SUPERDRAG
GRANDADDY
GOLDFRAPP (FIRST ALBUM)

A pretty eclectic mix. Might want to try The Jive Aces (along the Louis Prima style), The Dropkick Murphys, Weezer, Oasis, the Temptations (if you like Roy Orbison and Otis Redding), Roxy Music, Jack Johnson, the Black Keys.
You could also go onto something like I Heart Radio and put in a selection from your list and see what they come up with. I have found some good music that way.

If you like Bjork you might like her first band, The Sugar Cubes.

I really like Harry Styles album.
People give me shit for it though.

Bastillle
Wintersleep
Pete Yorn
Hozier
Courtney Barnett

I love Lorde. Her new album is great.

http://www.music-map.com/

The Roots
Mos Def
OutKast

Blackstar (and maybe Talib Kweli)
Atmosphere/Slug
k-os

And from the rest

Bob Schneider
Al Green (not exactly lesser known, but not a lot of people pull him out in 2017 unless they already know, and he hits on a lot of what you seem to have)

Might want to try Placebo or Porcupine Tree.