On a geological timescale, the climate has always gone through fluctuations in temperature, and ”[s]cientists have pieced together a record of Earth’s climate, dating back hundreds of thousands of years (and, in some cases, millions or hundreds of millions of years), by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun.
“This record shows that the climate system varies naturally over a wide range of time scales. In general, climate changes prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s can be explained by natural causes, such as changes in solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and natural changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations.
“Recent climate changes, however, cannot be explained by natural causes alone. Research indicates that natural causes do not explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-20th century. Rather, it is extremely likely that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming.”
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change_.html
(The URL looks a little odd because it’s an archived section of the site).
While the Earth’s record does show climate shifts over the millennia, it also shows a strong correlation between levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and those climate shifts, and has allowed scientists to understand the relationship between the two (as well as other factors involved in the Earth’s climate).
We know that humans are causing the recent spike in greenhouse gases, especially CO2, and we know that the rate we’re doing so is causing a rapid change in the earth’s climate. Most global warming concerns involve how, how much, and how quickly we are affecting global climate change.
We’re at about 400ppm CO2 right now. The most recent comparison is the Pliocene era. This National Geographic News article gives a nice description of what the ppm measurements mean, and how scientists are trying to figure out how our current CO2 levels/climate will compare to previous ones. It’s worth reading through, I think. I guess the short and oversimplified answer is that the world looked a lot different than it does now.