@Demosthenes: “I am asking about a more general principle: should platforms be as free as possible? What of hate speech, should it be outlawed?”
I’m not trying to be difficult, but much more efforts in defining the terms and scope are necessary.
For example, we don’t necessarily have a common definition of “speech”, and therefore tackling the concept of “hate speech” can be difficult. Tangled within the concept of “hate speech” are issues of truth, defamation, harassment, and most importantly power. Whenever we talk about speech, we usually understand it to be public speech of some kind. If this is the case, the means in which public speech takes place is critical to the discussion. In the US, this generally means platforms and utilities which are privately held. So, yes – we’re likely moving beyond the 1st amendment discussion, which is extremely limited due to private ownership.
And since the public speech is made possible through privately owned channels, this brings up the whole issue of power and class. There are some people/groups that can make public speech, and others that cannot* (* of course, they can try, but they’re limited to the filters inherent in private ownership of channels where public speech takes place.
I am “free” to purchase a yacht, since there is no law against it. But if I attempt to exercise that right, I’ll quickly find that it’s very theoretical. But some people do have that right.
In my assessment, there is something similar with speech. The public is bombarded with speech from birth, all coming from one particular perspective and one particular socioeconomic class. There may be the occasional exposure to dissenting speech from someone on a social media platform or someone standing on the street corner handing out pamphlets. But for the most part, speech is a one-way street that happens to us. We’re primarily consumers, rather than creators. There is a great imbalance.
So, in my opinion, “hate speech” needs to be evaluated within the context of who holds power and the real-world effects of such speech. We need to look at the imbalance inherent in who has the ability to speak, who holds power, and who should most protect from an imbalance of speech. In other words, potential harm of a privileged group or individual is not the same as a people who are vulnerable and underrepresented in this public sphere.
It seems that much conversation about “free speech” lately is from the so-called alt-right, who are really advocating for forced platforming and safe spaces. They argue that they are the vulnerable and oppressed, despite holding financial power and reflecting the dominant views of the very companies that control the channels of public speech. These “free speech” warriors are really calling for the ability to go unquestioned. They want their speech to be guaranteed a platform and a sympathetic audience. What they really want is for others’ speech to be limited even more so that they can speak without recourse.
@Demosthenes: “Other countries ban denying the holocaust; should the U.S. have similar laws?”
While I used to vehemently oppose this, I am more understanding of why this was the case in Germany. I don’t see this as a need in the US at all.
@Demosthenes: “How free should speech be in academia?”
This is the front lines of the right-wing “free speech” movement. And it’s completely disingenuous. Sure, you are less-likely to find right-wing insanity at the university. But this doesn’t mean that there is some kind of conspiracy against the right. There is some self-filtering that goes for starters. If you are a biochemist, you can make a ton more money working for Bayer or other corporation than you can running a lab at a university. If you are a professor who has passed up the corporate life and the $ that comes with that, you are likely a certain type of person.
There is also a more important filter. That is, there are the humanities that will tend to naturally weed out the right. Besides being areas of study that conservatives and right-wing students have no interest in, you have the necessary condition that the more you understand, the less-likely you are to adhere to confused conservative ideologies. In other words, if you are compassionate and/or interested in subjects that deal with how things work and how people work, you are less likely to be a conservative, and you a far less likely once you have actually learned something.
However, don’t forget that “the university” also contains economics departments and economic schools. These are usually filled, via self-selection, with people who are completely indoctrinated into the world they are about to learn about. And once they are there, this a complete right-wing experience.
Sorry for the length of this post. But I just wanted to point out that it’s not a simple issue at all. And every possible question i could have for you to qualify a term or explain what you mean would really just create a whole new set of questions I have.
We don’t have “freedom of speech” in the sense that it’s sometimes taught. It’s really just a concept that has all kinds of real-world roadblocks that make the term “free” seem quite silly. I think it’s therefore more useful to discuss very specific examples and how we can best navigate those, rather than be so general about it as though we are uphold some mythical ideal.