What is to stop a country from racking up debt again after its paid off?

First of all, Alberta is not a country.
And $10 billion to $100 billion is quite a range; which is it?

The provincial government has taxing authority, so the debt . Your post does not cite any news about how the debt will be paid, or what it is used for.

As of 2019 Alberta’s debt was $85.9 billions dollars. The rest of your questions I do not know. Might have been low oil and natural gas revenues.

Does any jurisdiction have a no debt amendment to their constitution other than Edmonton Alberta Canada. Edmonton has a law banning debt.

Almost all jurisdictions have a balanced budget requirement, but that includes borrowing money to pay for things. That is what bonds are for.

Here are some facts on Edmonton’s borrowing
https://www.gov.edmonton.ab.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/Debt_Fact_shee_(1).pdf