Can one's eyes get exhausted from rapidly going from light to dark?

I think not, at least, not as you’re saying.

Having your eyes adjusted to dark, and then suddenly having bright light can be a strain, but not going from bright light to darkness (other than not being able to see for a bit).

You can eventually strain your eyes if you spend a lot of time in the dark trying to read, or staring at a computer screen.

But just suddenly being in the dark isn’t much of a strain. Maybe if you changed light conditions back and forth many many times day after day, or something.