Would math be different if we had six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot?

Probably. Some people argue that we should switch to the duodecimal system, since it is divisible by more numbers than any smaller number (including 10). Link

L. Ron Hubbard looked at that in Battlefield Earth. The Psychlos had 11 fingers and their math was based on 11. Would it play out in real life? Personally I am used to a decimal system…too easy to manipulate to my trained brain.

Consider this. In base 12, you could tell if number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6 or 12 just by looking at the last digit. In base 10, the last digit only gives you divisibility by 2, 5 or 10. What is so special about 5 and 10? Not much as far as I can tell.

My seventh grade math teacher said yes. She held up her ten digits and said this is why we have base ten. If we had six fingers on each hand, we would count in base 12. “Ten” is just the base, whatever it is. When you reach it, it means the column (as on an abacus) is full, so you move over one column and place a zero in the first (“ones”) column. She then taught us to count and do arithmetic in base 6, base 8, base 2, and finally base 16. In base two, you count “one, ten, eleven, one hundred.” This was in the late 1950s.

I would say most definitely. Our understanding of the world is very anthropocentric.