I recently learned that they used to cut blocks of ice from places that were cold enough to freeze water and then ship it all over the place for refrigeration.
Unless you are cutting the ice from the backyard, you will likely expend much more energy moving the blocks than you would by simply using electricity to run a refrigerator. Due to the population size, I don’t think it is physically possible to source enough ice to serve the entire country. There could be dire environmental effects resulting from trying to do this as you would be relocating tons of water in the process, not to mention potential contamination issues. The alternative would be to make ice…
Ice storage is still practiced in some places to provide air conditioning to buildings. This is typically only done if electricity rates are tiered to favor electricity consumption during non-peak hours or perhaps if there is a large difference between night and day ambient air temperatures that you want to take advantage of. You draw electricity from the grid during non-peak hours to make your ice thereby allowing you to not draw from the grid during peak hours. For the electricity company, this redistributes load and can help them avoid having to increase the capacity of power production of their plants so they offer a price incentive that the building with ice storage can take advantage of.
One good thing about using water as a refrigerant is that it is not toxic or a greenhouse gas. Our most efficient refrigerants happen to be ozone depleting CFCs, and R22 is being phased out of production. HVAC equipment use refrigerants in closed loops, meaning they are 100% contained…unless there is a leak. And if you knew how unromantic maintaining HVAC is, you’d know that most people spend their money on more aesthetic maintenance that people can see and let their HVAC systems rot. Hence the phase out.
Water is often used as a refrigerant in large HVAC systems. In places where potable water is scarce, however, this can be a problem. Also, water can be corrosive.
With HVAC, water-cooled systems are more efficient than air-cooled systems that use refrigerants for obvious reasons, but also more complex and require more equipment and are therefore only used suitable for larger applications. A water cooled refrigerator I’m sure is possible, but would take up much more space than a typical condo or home owner would be willing to provide and it would not be as aesthetically pleasing I’m sure. Simply replacing the refrigerant with water I am sure would not work as water has a tendency to hold heat not release it, and it is much easier to get a refrigerant to change phases than water I think.
Going back to your question, it is easier to control temperature accurately when you are working with a refrigerant than with a block of ice that melts and needs to be replaced. I am not sure if the ice approach is more efficient but impractical or if refrigerants are indeed more efficient.