@Blackberry So, as I said, the pope was actually a strong supporter of Galileo during his writing of “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems”. As your quote says, “he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics”. Those people condemned him, the Inquisition was called in, but they didn’t do anything. Galileo was friends with many in the church, and was quickly cleared of any offense. The church declared the heliocentric view false, but didn’t force Galileo to recant at that point, only warned that he was probably wrong. At this point, the church did nothing at all.
Now, at this point the pope was talking with Galileo quite a bit over his book, and he requested that Galileo present the heliocentric view as a theory, which it was. The pope was interested in hearing about it, was quite interested in the theory, but recognized it as a currently unproven theory. There was a decent amount of evidence, but not enough to overturn the centuries of teaching, at least not yet. Galileo agreed that he would do so.
So, Galileo then went off and published his book, which while quite amazing, had two major faults. One, his ‘proof’ was the tides, saying that the tides were caused by the movement of the earth, which we now know is wrong. Second, and more importantly, he essentially represented the pope, this guy who had helped him and talked at length and was, as far as the pope knew, a friend, as a bumbling idiot. Literally. There are three characters, Galileo’s, the intelligent Copernican, a ‘judge’ of the debate, and the pope’s, an idiotic heliocentrist. Obviously this made the Pope a little angry. Hence, jerk.
Now, the Inquisition was set on him again. And yes, they forced him to recant, and sentenced him to house arrest. But keep in mind that ‘House arrest’ was a very large, very nice estate. And Galileo, by this point, was rather old. So this was not in many respects a very harsh sentence. They told him “go home, and play nice from now on”.
Galileo was very stuck up. Within reason, of course. In many respects the man was a genius. But he was incredibly proud and believed he was smarter then just about anyone ever. This is clear in his writings from time to time. The involvement of the church has been exaggerated over the years. He was sentenced to house arrest, and brought before the Inquisition, but one was hardly a bad sentence, and fully justified really, and the Inquisition didn’t ever do much more to him then say “come on, man. give it up”.
The easiest proof of exaggeration is talk that Galileo was tortured by the Inquisition. This is broadly true, but the problem lies in how he was tortured. Keep in mind this wasn’t in Spain. The Inquisition had many levels of torture, and Galileo I believe did not get past 2, which is the inquisitor saying “You know, we can torture you”. Literally.
Just in case your wondering, most of my information comes from this guy, one of the foremost scholars on the scientific revolution. In person, since that’s some weird site.